![]() Hirschfield RM, Keller MB, Panico S, et al. Treating depression as a recurrent or chronic disease. Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global Burden of Disease Survey. ![]() Cross-national epidemiology of major depression and bipolar disorder. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association, 1994 Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. Relationship between low cardiorespiratory fitness and mortality in normal-weight, overweight, and obese men. The acute effects of exercise on mood state. Leisure-time physical activity among older adults. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1996 Physical activity and health: a report of the surgeon general. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Physical activity and public health: a recommendation from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine. The recommended quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, and flexibility in healthy adults. Pollock ML, Gaesser GA, Butcher JD, et al. Leisure-time physical activity among US adults: results from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. The spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991–1998. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. US Department of Health and Human Services. The status of the 1990 objectives for physical fitness and exercise. ![]() Powell KE, Spain KG, Christenson GM, et al. ![]() Relationship of leisure-time physical activity and mortality: the Finnish twin cohort. Physical activity trends among 26 states. Status of the 1990 physical fitness and exercise objectives: evidence from NHIS 1990. Well controlled studies are needed to clarify the mental health benefits of exercise among various populations and to address directly processes underlying the benefits of exercise on mental health.Ĭaspersen CJ, Christenson GM, Pollard RA. Several differing psychological and physiological mechanisms have been proposed to explain the effect of physical activity on mental health disorders. Excessive physical activity may lead to overtraining and generate psychological symptoms that mimic depression. Studies of older adults and adolescents with depression or anxiety have been limited, but physical activity appears beneficial to these populations as well. In general, acute anxiety responds better to exercise than chronic anxiety. Anxiety symptoms and panic disorder also improve with regular exercise, and beneficial effects appear to equal meditation or relaxation. However, habitual physical activity has not been shown to prevent the onset of depression. Although people with depression tend to be less physically active than non-depressed individuals, increased aerobic exercise or strength training has been shown to reduce depressive symptoms significantly. Physical activity may play an important role in the management of mild-to-moderate mental health diseases, especially depression and anxiety.
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